It¯men¡mk`bnÂ

"sSw¹mdpIÄ' ho¬Spw

NÀ¨mhnjbamIp¶p

sk_mÌy³ X¿nÂ

It¯men¡m k` 700 hÀj§Ä¡v ap¼v am¸p\ÂIn kzÀ¤¯nte¡p Ibänhn« ss\ävkv sSw¹mÀ (Knights Templar) F¶ kwLS\bnse AwK§sf¡pdn¨pÅ tImSXnhnkvXmc§fpsSbpw At\zjW§fpsSbpw tcJIÄ DÄs¡mÅp¶ {KÙw Cu amkw 25 \v tdman {]kn²oIcn¡p¶p. sSw¹mdpIÄs¡Xntc DbÀ¶ Btcm]W§fpsS ASnØm\¯n \S¯nb "]m¸mXe' At\zjW§fpsSbpw tImSXhnkvXmc¯nsâbpw bYmÀ°amb e¯o³ `mjm ]IÀ¸pItfmSpIqSnbpÅ {KÙamWv Cu amkw 25\v (\hw_À, 2007) ]pd¯nd§p¶Xv. 8,333 tUmfÀ tUmfdmWv (GXm¬Sv \mepe£w cq]) Hcp tIm¸nbpsS hne.

(Nn{Xw: ss\ävkv sSw¹mdpIfpS ASbmfamb Ipcniv)

sSw¹mdpIÄs¡Xntc DbÀ¶ Btcm]W§Ä¡v \ÂInb "]m¸m£a' (Papal reprieve)bpsS X\n ]IÀ¸pIÄ ]pkvXIcq]¯nem¡n HutZymKnIambn¯s¶bmWv tdmw Cu {KÙw {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv.  a[yiXI§fnse Cg]ncn¡m³ ]äm¯ aXcmjv{Sob Ahnip² _Ô§fpsSbpw aXhnt{Zml hnNmcW(inquisition)IfpsSbpw XakvIcn¡s¸«ncp¶ Ncn{XamWv ]pXnb ]pkvXI¯n ]pd¯phcp¶Xv. hmgp¶hsc hogn¡pIbpw hoWhsc hmgn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ h¯n¡m³ adnamb§fn Hsc®wIqsSbmWnsX¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p.

ss\ävkv sSw¹mÀ þA¸w Ncn{Xw

aq¶p \qäm¬SpIÄ \o¬Sp\n¶ Ipcnipbp² ]c¼cIÄs¡mSphn FUn 1099 apkvenwIfpsS ssIbnÂ\n¶v ]mekvXo³ {]tZiw {InkvXym\nIÄ ]nSns¨Sp¯p. XpSÀ¶v C{kmtbente¡v XoÀ°mSIcpsS henb {]hmlwXs¶ D¬Smbn. XoÀ°mSIcpsS kpc£bv¡v AI¼Sn¡mcmbn ]{´¬Smw \qäm¬Sn þIrXyambn¸dªm 1119  Øm]n¡s¸« Hcp {InkvXy³ ssk\nI kwLS\ (christian military order) BWv "ss\ävkv sSw¹mÀ'. ss\äv sSw¹mÀ F¶ hm¡nsâ icnbmb AÀYw þ ""sbcpitew tZhmeb¯nsâbpw {InkvXphnsâbpw t]mcmfnIfmb km[p¡Ä'' (Poor Fellow - Soldiers of Christ and The Temple of Solomon)

(IqsS Hc¸w ]mÀizm`n{]mbw ]dªpsImÅs«. ""hnip² \mSpIÄ' F¶ {]tbmKw Xs¶ sXämWv. ImcWw Cu `qanbn hnip² Øetam hnip² Beb§tfm CÃ. ""kzÀ¤hpw Xr¡®n\v \nÀ½eaÃ'' (Ct¿m_v 15:15) ]ns¶ F§s\ ]m]]qcnXhpw Ahnizmk\n_nVhpamb ]mekvXo³ `qhn`mK§Ä hnip²amIpw? hnip²nsb¡pdn¨v a\pjy\pÅ AZayamb B{Klhpw BZchpw apXseSp¡p¶ HcpXcw aX]c X{´w am{XamWnXv. hnip²\mSpIÄ F¶Xn\p ]Icw "IÀ¯mhn\m {]kn²\mSpIÄ' F¶v tNÀ¡p¶Xmhpw IqSpX kXykÔw.)

1119 þ sSw¹mdpIfpsS Øm]\w apX XpSÀ¶ph¶ 200 Hmfw hÀj§Ä sSw¹mdpIfpsS ]pjvIeImeambncp¶p. Npc§nb Ime¯n\pÅn Cu kwLS\ t\SnsbSp¯ A]mcamb k¼¯pw cmjv{Sob kzm[o\hpw Ncn{X¯n sXfnªp\n¡p¶p. Cu kwLS\bpsS cmjv{Sob IpÕnX_p²nbpw km¼¯nI ]n³_epw tNÀs¶mcp¡nb bp²§Ä \nch[nbmWv. bqtdm¸y³ \mSphmgnIfpsS bp²s¨ehpIÄ Cu hnip² ]«mfkwLw hln¨ncp¶Xmbn tcJIÄ km£n¡p¶p. ]t£, Cu bp²§sfm¶pw hnizmkkwc£W¯nt\m {InkvXpaX XXz§Ä kwc£n¡p¶Xnt\m Bbncp¶nÃ. t\tcadn¨v AhsbÃmw IpSn¸I XoÀ¡phm\pw aq¸nfa XÀ¡w XoÀ¡phm\pw Iman\n[ma§sf ssIhiam¡phm\pw am{Xambncp¶p.

(Nn{Xw: sSw¹mÀ ap{Z)

sSw¹mdpIfpsS clky A\pjvTm\§fpw KqVamb Bcm[\m ]²XnIfpw Bßob iànIfpw \n[ntiJc§fpw \qäm¬SpIfmbn bqtdm]y³ {InkvXpaXs¯ BImw£m`cnXam¡p¶ kwKXnbmWv. bqtdm]y³ kmlnXy¯n sSw¹mdpIÄ IYIfpsS A£bJ\nIfmWv. sSw¹mdpIÄ X§fpsS Bßob þssZhnI]cnthj¯nsâ amäpIq«phm³ IYIÄ¡mbn \n¶psImSp¡pambncp¶p. Cu tdmam aX]«mfs¯ Npän¸än hnfª Hcp hymP DXv]¶w am{Xambncp¶p IgnªIme§fn Ip{]kn²bmÀÖn¨ "Umhn©n tImUv' F¶ sI«pIYbpw. sSw¹mdpIsf "tlmfn s{Kbnen'sâ (Holy Grail) [ochoc kq£n¸pImcmbn IcpXnbncp¶p. IÀ¯mhmb tbip Ahkm\ A¯mg¯n hoªv ]IÀ¶p \ÂIphm³ D]tbmKn¨ ]m\]m{XamWv tlmfns{Kbn F¶v ]cmaÀin¡p¶Xv.

(]mÀizm`n{]mbw: F´mWv Ahkm\s¯ ]m\]m{X¯n\p am{Xw C{X {]tXyIX? AXn\p ap¼qw IÀ¯mhmb tbip IpSn¡phm³ D]tbmKn¨ ]m{X§Ä amÀ¯bpsSbpw adnbbpsSbpw ho«nse¦nepw D¬SmIntÃ? [cn¨ sNcn¸v D¬SmIntÃ? hkv{Xw D¬SmIntÃ? Im\mhnse IÂ`cWnbpw iotamsâ ]SIpw hnip²atÃ? Hmim\ Znhks¯ hnip² IgpXbpw As¶s¯ hnip² N½«nbpw Bcpw kwc£n¡m¯Xv IjvSatÃ? ]m]tamNIhpw A\´Poh³ ]Icp¶Xpamb \nXm´ hN\§Ä¡p ]Icw DSªpt]mIp¶ ]m{X§fpw {Zhn¨pt]mIp¶ hkv{X§fpw IpªmSpIÄ¡p sImSp¡p¶ Cu Ahnip² IpX{´w I¬Sv eqkn^Àt]mepw aq¡¯phncÂh¨v \n¶pt]mIp¶p)

IjvSao I]SaX{]IS\§Ä¡[n]XnIsf...

IcpWmabt\, Ir]tbIn {XmW\w sN¿tW.. F¶p am{Xw C£W¯n {]mÀ°n¡p¶p.)

a[yImeL«¯nse C¯cw XnancZÀi\§Ä C¶pw It¯men¡À XpScp¶p. B ImeL«¯nÂXs¶ I\yImadnb¯nsâ I®nsâ \nds¯¡pdn¨pw D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ Xeap¬Snsâ `wKnsb¡pdn¨pw {]_Ôw FgpXn tUmIvStdäp hm§nbhÀ [mcmfap¬Sv. ChÀ¡v tUmIvStdäv sImSp¯Xnsâ tcJIÄ h¯n¡m\nep¬Sv. adphi¯v, i{Xphmbh³ \nXyPohsâ hgnbpw samgnIfpw adn¨pIfªv at[yjy apgph³ hngp§n¡fªXv Cu "dh.tUmIÄ' AdnªnÃ.)

(]{´¬Smw \qäm¬Sse Hcp ss\äv sSw¹mÀ) 

sSw¹mdpIfnte¡v aS§nhcmw. F¶m ]Xnaq¶mw \qäm¬Snsâ A´yZiI¯n apkvenwIÄ hnip²\mSpIÄ Xncn¨p]nSn¨tXmsS ss\ävkv sSw¹mdpIfpsS ]X\w Bcw`n¨p. {^m³knse cmPmhmbncp¶ ^nen¸v \mema³ Cu hnip² ]«mf¯nsâ ]oVI\pw A´I\pw Bbn¯oÀ¶p. ChÀ {InkvXp\ntj[nIfpw {InkvXpaXs¯ adn¨pIfbp¶hpcw hn{Klmcm[nIfpw clky¯n km¯ms\ D]mkn¡p¶hpcambn cmPmhn\v hnhcw In«n. ^nen¸v \mema³ Chsc Zpcp]tZi¡mcpw thZhncp²cpambn hnNmcW sNbvXv Xq¡nteäpIbpw Np«pIfbpIbpw sNbvXp. C¯cpW¯n t]m¸v ¢aâv A©ma³ CXns\¡pdn¨v Hcp "]m¸mXe' At\zjW¯n\v (Papal inquiry) D¯chn«p. {]kvXpX At\zjW¯n sSw¹mÀ t]mcmfnIÄ thZhncp²À Aà F¶v I¬sS¯n. Zpcp]tZi¯nsâ s]mSnt]mepw I¬sS¯nbnÃXm\pw. F¶p am{XaÃ, ]Icw Nne "eLp]m]§Ä' am{Xw I¬sS¯n. Ahbn NneXv kzhÀ¤t`mKw, ssewKnI sshIrX§Ä, \njvTqcX, AKayKa\w (incestuous relation), cmPyt{Zmlw, kmlNcywsIm¬SpÅ Nne càs¨mcn¨nepIÄ, Ipcnin Xp¸pI F¶nh am{Xw. CsXm¶pw hN\hncp²tam thZhncp²tam AÃmbvIbm ]qÀ® am¸psImSp¯v ¢aâv A©ma³ Hcp hn[¯n Chsc "kzÀ¤¯n Ibänhn«p'.

(Nn{Xw: t]m¸v ¢aâv A©ma³)

sSw¹mdpIfpsS Bcm[\m ]²Xnbn BZy A\pjvTm\ambncp¶p "Ipcnin Xp¸pI' F¶pÅXv. It¯men¡À hfsc `àntbmsS I¬Sncp¶ Ipcnin sSw¹mdpIÄ Xp¸p¶p F¶Xv cmPmhns\ tIm]mIpe\m¡n. F¶m ¢saâv A©ma³ ]m¸m CXn\p \ÂInb hnhcWw ""Hcp]t£, apkvenw cmPy¯v ]nSns]«m c£s¸Sm\pÅ Hcp AShv am{Xambncp¶p'' F¶mbncp¶p. 

cmPap¼msI sSw¹mdpIÄ Ipäk½Xw \S¯nbXv `ojWns¸Sp¯n Gäp ]dbn¸n¨XmsW¶pw t]m¸v Øm]n¡m³ {ian¨p. ChcpsS Ipäk½X§Ä {InkvXp\nµtbm Zpcp]tZi]ctam Asöpw t]m¸v {]Ncn¸n¡phm³ XpS§n. ^nen¸v \mema³ sSw¹mdpIfnÂ\n¶v bp²k¶ml¯nte¡mbn hm§nbncp¶ [\k¼¯v Xncn¨psImSp¡mXncn¡m³ Cu kwLS\sb D·qe\w sNbvXXmImsa¶pw A`n{]mbs¸«p. F¦nepw 1312  aäv t]mwhgnIfnÃmXncp¶Xn\m Cu aXssk\nIkwLs¯ t]m¸v ¢aâpXs¶ kz´ssIbm ]ncn¨phn«psIm¬Sv I¸\ ]pds¸Sphn¨p. ""k`bpsS F¡met¯¡papÅ \·sb¡cpXn'' Fs¶mcp ASn¡pdn¸pw At±lw NmÀ¯ns¡mSp¯p. Ipsd hnbÀs¸mgp¡nbmsW¦nepw sSw¹mdpIsf Hcphn[w sX½mSn¡pgnbnÂ\n¶pw amän ]p\xc[nhkn¸n¡m³ ]m¸mbv¡v Ignªp.

sSw¹mdpIsf F´psIm¬Sv It¯men¡mk` hnip²cm¡nbnà F¶Xv kzm`mhnIambpw Nn´nt¡¬S kwKXnbmWv. t]m¸nsâ kzImcy ssk\y¯ns\XntcbpÅ At\zjWw F´psIm¬Sv Cu Fgp¶qdp hÀjw \nKqVam¡nh¨p? Cu kwLS\bv¡v F´psIm¬Sv C{Xbpw henb Bßob, Aam\pj ]cnthj§Ä sImSp¯p? D¯cw efnXw þtdmansâ Cu hnip² ssk\yw {InkvXp\nµIcpw thZhncp²cpw km¯m\y Bcm[\¡mcpw BsW¶v temIw Adnbm³ ]mSnÃmbncp¶p. Cu ImeL«§Ä {^m³knse ^nen¸v cmPmhpw t]¸knbpw X½nepÅ cmjv{Sob t]mcm«amWv \S¶sX¶p hcp¯n¯oÀ¡phm\pw CXneqsS \mfs¯ temIw sSw¹mdpIsf hmgv¯n¸mSpsa¶pw ]m¸mamÀ Nn´n¨p.

Fgp\qdp hÀjw Ignªn«pw It¯men¡m temI¯n\v sSw¹mdpIfnepÅ PnÚmk Ipdbp¶nÃ. ""bYmÀ°ambn«v Cu XpIÂ NpcpfpIÄ ]p\xcmhnjvIcn¨Xv Ncn{XIpXpInIÄ¡pw KthjIÀ¡pw ]Tn¨pt\m¡phm\pw Ncn{Xs¯ kv]Àin¨pt\m¡phm\pw A\p`hn¡phm\pw CShcp¯patÃm'' F¶mWv h¯n¡m³ a[yIme clkytcJIfpsS KthjIbpw ]¬UnXbpamb {]^. _mÀ_c s{^bvÂkv ]dªXv.

Ipgnam´nsbSp¯ Cu Ncn{XmhinjvSwsIm¬Sv ssZhcmPy¯n\v F´p {]tbmP\w? Hcp]t£, hnip² sSw¹m¡·mcmbn ChÀ kao]`mhnbnÂXs¶ ]p\xcmhnjvIcn¡s¸SpIbnsöv BcpI¬Sp?

aq¶mw temIalmbp²w

"tKmKv amtKmKv bp²w':

C{kmtbÂ

amXyp sN¼pI¬S¯nÂ

sPdpktew: aq¶mw temIalmbp²w D¬SmhpIbmsW¦n AXv sbslkvt¡Â (Fsk¡ntbÂ) {]hN\¯n hnhcn¡p¶ "tKmKv þamtKmKv' bp²ambncn¡psa¶v C{kmtbÂ. Cdm³ AWphmbp[w ssIhis¸Sp¯nbm AXv aq¶mw temIalmbp²¯nte¡v hgnsXfn¡psa¶ Atacn¡³ {]knUâv tPmÀPv U»yp. _pjnsâ {]kvXmh\tbmSp {]XnIcn¡pIbmbncp¶p C{kmtbÂ. ss__nÄ hymJym\{]Imcw djysb tKmKv Bbpw btlmhbpsS Icw tKmKnsâ B{IaW¯nÂ\n¶v C{kmtbens\ c£n¡p¶Xmbpw sbslkvt¡Â {]hN\w 38, 39 A[ymb§fn {]hN\am¬Sv.

Cdm³ \yq¢nbÀ Bbp[w ssIhis¸Sp¯nbm AXv temIkam[m\¯n\v henb `ojWnbmbncn¡pw F¶v tPmÀPv _pjv {]kvXmhn¨ncp¶p. F¶m Cdmsâ kplr¯mbn amdns¡m¬Sncn¡p¶ djy Cu {]kvXmh\sb A]e]¨p. Xs¶bpaÃ, IgnªbmgvN djy³ {]knUâv hvfmZnanÀ ]pSn³ Cdm³ kµÀin¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. X§fpsS AWp\neb§Ä kam[m\mhiy§Ä¡mWv D]tbmKn¡p¶sX¶ Cdmsâ hm¡pIÄ Xs¶bmbncp¶p ]pSn\pw ]dªXv. ""Bbp[\nÀ½mWaÃ, kam[\m]camb Bhiy§Ä¡mWv Cdm³ AWp\neb§Ä Øm]n¡p¶Xv'' þ]pSn³ ]dbp¶p.

X§Ä BWhmbp[w hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯m C{kmtb cmPyw `q]S¯n D¬SmInsöpw `q]Sw amänhcbv¡Wsa¶pw Cdm³ {]knUâv AlvaZn s\mPmZv {]kvXmhn¨ncp¶p. Atacn¡bv¡v C{kmtbent\mSv henb XmÂ]cyamsW¦n C{kmtbens\ AemkvIbnte¡v amäns¡mÅpI Fs¶ms¡bmWv s\mPmZv `ojWn apg¡p¶Xv. djybpsS ]n³_eamWv Cu {]kvXmh\IÄ¡pÅXv. IqSmsX, djy \ÂIp¶ Bbp[§fpambn kndnbbpw C{kmtbens\Xntc Ft¸mÄ thWsa¦nepw Xncnbmsa¶ kmlNcyhpap¬Sv. CXnsâsbÃmw shfn¨¯nÂ, C{kmtb {][m\a{´n FlqZv HÂsaÀ«v djybnte¡v t]mIp¶p¬Sv. ]pSns\ t\cn«v I¬Sv C{kmtbensâ Bi¦ Adnbn¡pIbmWv HÂsaÀ«nsâ e£yw.

Ct¶¡v 2500 hÀjw ap¼v Pohn¨ncp¶ sbslkvt¡Â {]hmNI³, P\n¡m\ncn¡p¶ cmPy§sfbpw ]nd¡m³t]mIp¶ cmjv{SobkJy§sfbpw Ime¯nsâ CS\mgnbneqsS t\m¡n¡¬Sp. Ahsb¡pdn¨p hnhcn¡p¶ A[ymb§Ä, thZ]TnXm¡fpsSbpw cmjv{SX{´ÚcpsSbpw PnÚmk hÀ²n¸n¡p¶Xpw Dd¡w sISp¯p¶Xpamb hnhcW§fmWv \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv.

sbslkvt¡Â {]hN\w 38-þmw A[ymb¯nemWv tKmKv amtKmKv bp²s¯¡pdn¨v {]Xn]mZn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. Cu A[ymbs¯¡pdn¨v \ÂIp¶ hymJym\w {i²n¡pI

""]ekvXo³ \mSns\ AhcpsS hSt¡ Aä¯pÅ Hcp ZpjvS iàn B{Ian¡p¶ ImcyamWv 38, 39 A[ymb§fn hnhcn¡p¶Xv. djybpw AXnsâ kJyI£nIfpamWv ChnsS hnhcn¡p¶ ZpjvSiànIÄ F¶p a\Ênem¡mhp¶Xv.

Nn{X¯n temI¯nse apkvepw cmPy§fmWv Nph¶ \nd¯n tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶Xv. CXn\nSbn kq£n¨p t\m¡nbm am{Xw ImWm³ Ignbp¶ C{kmtb cmPyamWv ]¨ hr¯¯n\pÅnÂ. apkvenw cmPy§fpsS Bbnc¯nsem¶p am{XamWv C{kmtbensâ hen¸w.

amtKmKv tZisa¶p ]dbp¶Xv t\mlbpsS aI\mb bmt^¯nsâ aI\mb amtKmKv IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯ {]tZiamWv. ]ekvXosâ hS¡pÅ {]tZi¯mWv t\mlbpsS sIm¨paI\mb amtKmKv IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯sX¶v tPmko^kv F¶ blqZ Ncn{XImc\pw sltdmtUm«kv F¶ {Ko¡v Ncn{XImc\pw hyàam¡nbn«p¬Sv. tcmiv, tasi¡v, Xqs_ F¶o ]pcmX\ t]cpIÄ djy, tamkvtIm, Xpt_mÄkvIv F¶o B[p\nI t]cpIfmsW¶v kp{]kn² F{_mb i_vZtImi \nÀ½mXmhmb sPko\nbkpw A`n{]mbs¸«n«p¬Sv. djybpsS kJyI£nIfmbn ]dbs¸«ncn¡p¶ ]mÀknIÄ t]Àjy¡mcpw (Cdm³), IqiyÀ FtXym]y¡mcpw ]qXyÀ skmamenbpw tKmsaÀ PÀa³Imcpw tXmKÀ½mKrlw XpÀ¡nIfpw BsW¶v hnNmcn¡p¶p (hmIyw 2þ6).

H¼Xmw hmIy¯n ""AhÀ taLw t]mse tZis¯ aqSpw'' F¶p ]dbp¶Xv i{Xpssk\y¯nsâ hnam\m{IaWs¯ Dt±in¨msW¶v Nn´n¡mw. ""aXnenÃm¯ {Kma§fpÅ tZiw'' (hmIyw 11) F¶p ]dbp¶Xv ]ekvXo³ tZis¯ Dt±in¨mWv. ap¼v _m_ntem\ycpw aäpÅhcpw ]«W§sfbpw {Kma§sfbpw B{Ian¨v aXnepIÄ FÃmw XIÀ¯p IfªXn\m Ah aXnepIfnÃm¯ ]«W§fmbn XIÀ¶p InS¡pIbmbncn¡pw. BIbm Ahsb sImÅbSn¡phm³ Ff¸amsW¶v djybpw kJyI£nIfpw hnNmcn¨pImWpw.

13þmw hmIy¯n ]dbp¶ ti_ Atd_ybpsS sX¡p`mK¯pÅ GUs\bpw tZZm³ akvIäns\bpw XmÀiokv {_n«s\bpw AXnse _meknwl§Ä {_n«sâ kJyI£nIsfbpw kqNn¸n¡p¶p. ChscÃmw IqSn tKmKnt\mSp tNmZn¡p¶Xv ""Gähpw henb sImÅ \S¯phm\mtWm \o h¶ncn¡p¶Xv'' (hmIyw þ13) F¶mWv. C{kmtbense NmhpISenÂ\n¶papÅ h³ \nt£]w sImÅbSn¡phm\mbncn¡pw i{Xp¡Ä hcp¶Xv. Atacn¡, {_n«³, {^m³kv, PÀan\n, Cänen F¶o cmjv{S§fpsS sam¯w k¼¯ns\bpw Ih¨phbv¡p¶ \nt£]amWv NmhpISense [mXpehW§fn DÅsX¶mWv ]dbs¸Sp¶Xv. ]t£ i{Xp¡fpsS B{IaWs¯ C{kmtbens\ sNdpt¡¬SnhcnIbnÃ. `bm\Iamb Hcp `qI¼w aqew i{Xpssk\yw \ntÈjw XIÀ¡s¸Spw (hmIyw 19). am{XaÃ, henb Ben¸ghpw s]cpagbpw Xobpw KÔIhpw AhcpsS ta hÀjn¸n¡pw. A§s\ ssZh\maw AhnsS alXzs¸Sphm³ CSbmIpw.

tKmKv ssk\y¯nsâ k¼qÀ® \miw 

(39þmw A[ymbw H¶p apX 29 hsc) djybpsS A[hm tKmKnsâ ssk\ys¯ C{kmtbÂ, ]ÀÆX§fnte¡v hnfn¨phcp¯n \in¸n¨Xv ssZhamsW¶v sbslkvt¡Â BhÀ¯n¨v hyàam¡p¶p. (hmIyw 1þ3). AhcpsS \nlX·mÀ adhpsN¿s¸SmsX hbepIfn InS¡pt¼mÄ BImi¯nse ]£nIÄ¡v B arXicoc§Ä Blmcambn¯ocpw (hmIyw 4þ6). A§s\ AhnsS \S¡p¶ kwlmcw AXn`b¦cambncn¡bm ssZh¯nsâ iàn F{X hepXmsW¶v PmXnIÄ¡v t_m[yamIpw (hmIyw 7,8).

djy³ ssk\yw F{Xbpw hepXmbncn¡bm AhcpsS bp²mbp[§Ä C{kmtben\v Ggp hÀjt¯¡v hndImbn D]tbmKn¡phm³ Ignbpw. djy³ ssk\y¯nsâ ihicoc§Ä adhpsN¿phm³ Ggp amkw th¬Snhcpw. A§s\ i{Xp¡Ä k¼qÀ®ambn XIÀ¡s¸SpIbpw btlmhbmb ssZhamWv temI¯nsâ Np¡m³ ]nSn¡p¶sX¶pw C{kmtb ssZhw sXcsªSp¯ kz´w P\amsW¶pw sXfnbn¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿pw. þhmIyw 25þ29'' ({]oanbÀ ÌUn ss__nÄ þ2004, A¦amen, t]Pv 1043þ1046).

C{kmtben\p t\tc tKmKv þamtKmKv bp²w kw`hn¡pw F¶Xnsâ sXfnhmbn hymJymXm¡Ä Nq¬Sn¡mWn¡p¶Xv, CtX {KÙ¯nsâ 36,37 A[ymb§fn \ndthdnb C{kmtbensâ ]p\xtcIoIcWambncp¶p. B {]hN\§Ä {i²n¡pI þ

1) C{kmtbensâ ]p\xtcIoIcWw þ A[ymbw (36:10-þ11, 36:24, 36:37þ-38, 37:12, 37:21)

2). C{kmtbente¡pÅ blqZ·mcpsS aS¡w (36:10þ-11, 36:24, 36:37-þ38, 37:12, 37:21)

3). ]gb \mimhninjvS§fpsS ]p\cp²mcWw (36:36)

4). cmPy¯v hÀ²n¨phcp¶ \·aIÄ (36:8-þ9, 36:30þ-35)

5). Npcp§nb Imew sIm¬Sv Gähpw hensbmcp ssk\yambn¯ocpsa¶pÅ {]hN\w (37:11)

Cu {]hN\§sfÃmw 1948 apX 1967 hscbpÅ ImeL«¯n \ndthdn F¶Xv, tKmKv amtKmKv bp²s¯¡pdn¨pÅ {]hN\¯nsâ \ndthdepw kw`hn¡psa¶Xnsâ sXfnhmbn Nq¬Sn¡mWn¡s¸Sp¶p.

F¶mÂ, CtXmsSm¸w Xs¶, djybmWv amtKmsK¶Xv \ntj[n¡p¶ hymJym\§fpw D¬Sv.

29/10/07

(Nn{Xw: {_koense kmthm t]mtfm ]«W¯n DbÀ¶p\n¡p¶ "c£I\mb {InkvXp' F¶ in¸w)

Bbnc¯n sXmÅmbnc¯n F¬]Xmam¬Sv, It¯men¡m k`bpsSbpw IayqWnk¯nsâbpw Pmck´Xnbmb  "hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw' F¶ ]pXnb kn²m´w emän\tacn¡³ cmPy§fn knwlKÀÖ\w DbÀ¯p¶ Imew. tbip{InkvXphn \à IayqWnÌns\ hc¨pIm«nb It¯men¡m ]ptcmlnX·mÀ temI¯nse FÃm IayqWnÌpIfnÂ\n¶pw ssIbSnhm§n kt´mjn¨ncn¡p¶p. ss__nfpw "Zmkv Im¸näepw' Iq«n hmbn¨mte ss__nfnepÅXp hÃXpw a\ÊnemIq F¶ ]pXnb hymJym\§Ä tI«v kXy{InkvXym\nIÄ sR«nbncn¡p¶p. It¯men¡m cmPyamb {_ko DÄs¸sSbpÅ emän\tacn¡³ cmPy§fnse§pw hn¹hs¡mSp¦mäpIÄ hotdmsS hoinbSn¡p¶p. 

{_koen It¯men¡m k`bvs¡Xntc "hk´¯nsâ CSnapg¡w' ]pXnb cq]¯n  tIÄ¡p¶Xn BtKmf IayqWnÌpIÄ kt´mjn¡p¶p. tdmam]pcnbn amÀ]m¸bmbn tPm¬ t]mÄ c¬Sma³ hmgp¶ ImeambXn\m temIw {_koens\bpw tdmans\bpw amdnamdn t\m¡p¶p. IayqWnÌv cmPyambncp¶ t]mf¬Sns\ ap«pIp¯n¨ t]mf¬SpImc\mb tPm¬ t]mÄ c¬Sma³ amÀ]m¸m {_koen F´v ambmPmew ImWn¡psa¶mbncp¶p \nco£IÀ {i²n¨psIm¬Sncp¶Xv. HSphn ]m¸m Hcp hgn I¬Sp]nSn¨p; {_koens\ Xfbv¡m³ Xsâ Däp N§mXnbmbncp¶ IÀ±n\mÄ dmävknwKsd (Nn{Xw CSXv) \ntbmKn¡pI. IÀ±n\mÄ dmävknwKÀ {_koens\ ssIImcyw sNbvXp. HSphn "en_tdj³ XntbmfPn' F¶ hn¹h¯nsâ sImSn emän\tacn¡bn Xmgphm³ XpS§n. (]qÀ®ambpw Ct±l¯nsâ Ignhmbncp¶nÃ, kmaqlnIamb {]tXyIXIfpw kn²m´¯nse sshIey§fpw hntamN\ ssZhimkv{X¯nsâ XfÀ¨bv¡v ImcWambn)

bqtdm¸nse It¯men¡m cmPy§fpw apXemfn¯hpw tNÀ¶v A¯mg¸«nWn¡mcmb emän\tacn¡³ It¯men¡sc NqjWw  sN¿p¶Xns\Xntc càcq£nX hn¹hta ^e{]ZamhpIbpÅqsh¶ Nn´ emän\tacn¡bnse "Nn´n¡p¶' It¯men¡m sshZnIÀ¡v shfns¸«p. s]dphnse It¯men¡m sshZnI\mbncp¶ KpkvXmthm Kp«ntbmdkv (Nn{Xw CSXv) Imd amÀIvknsâ hgnbmWv CXn\v sXcsªSp¯Xv. At±lw AhXcn¸n¨ "Im¯enIv IayqWnkw' AYhm "hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw' ]t£ It¯men¡m k`bvs¡XntcbmWv  XncnªXv. CXv {_koenb³ `cWm[nImcnIsfbpw t]m¸ns\bpw tIm]njvScm¡n. HSphn `cWIqS¯nsâ Bhiy{]ImcamWv t]m¸v CSs]Sp¶Xpw IÀ±n\mÄ dmävknwKsd {]iv\]cnlmcIc\mbn \ntbmKn¨Xpw.

2007þse sImSp¦mäv

Ccp]¯nb©v hÀj§Ä¡p tijapÅ {_koÂ. \qdphÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v \qdp iXam\w It¯men¡À D¬Smbncp¶ cmPyw Ct¸mÄ A¼XpiXam\w It¯men¡À am{XapÅ cmPyambn amdp¶ ImgvN It¯men¡m k`sb A£cmÀ°¯n sR«n¡p¶p. _m¡nbpÅhÀ FhntS¡p t]mbn?

FÃmhcpw tdmante¡v t\m¡n, F´p X{´ambncn¡pw tdmw ChnsS sN¿pI? HSphn A¶s¯ dmävknwKÀ Xs¶ ]pXnb cq]¯n þs_\UnIvSv ]Xn\mdma³ ]m¸m þ F¶t]cn {_koente¡v t]mIp¶p; {_koens\ It¯men¡m k`bnte¡v aS¡ns¡m¬Sphcphm³ th¬Sn. Ct±lw tabv H¼Xn\v {_koensâ a®nend§pw.

(Nn{Xw: amÀ]m¸mbpsS kµÀi\t¯mS\p_Ôn¨pÅ t]mÌdpambn kmthm t]mtfm I¯o{Uen IpÀ_m\ ImWp¶hÀ þNn{X¯n\v IS¸mSv)

_m¡nbpÅhÀ FhntS¡p t]mbn?

hntamN\ssZhimkv{Xw sImSnIp¯n hmWt¸mÄ Bcpw It¯men¡m k` hn«pt]mbnÃ. hntamN\ssZhimkv{X¡mÀ Bcpw AIt¯men¡À Bbncp¶nÃ. F¶m C¶v {_koense A¼XpiXam\t¯mfw BfpIÄ ]dbp¶p þR§Ä s]âs¡mÌmWv!! ASn¨aÀ¯s¸«hÀ bYmÀ° hntamN\w {InkvXphn I¬SXmWv C¶v It¯men¡m k`sb {]tIm]n¸n¨ncn¡p¶Xv. ""]p{X³ \n§sf kzX{´cm¡nbm \n§Ä bYmÀ° kzX{´cmbn'' F¶ {InkvXphN\w hk´¯nsâ CSnapg¡t¯¡mÄ D¨¯n IÀ®]pS§fn apg§nt¡Ä¡p¶hÀ \nXyPohsâ samgnIÄ tImcnhnf¼p¶ s]âs¡mÌv k`Ifnte¡v amdp¶XmWv It¯men¡m k`sb C¶v AkzØam¡p¶Xv. \à It¯men¡cmb `cWm[nImcnIÄ aäv hgnIfnÃmsXbmWv t]m¸ns\ Cd¡nbpÅ Ahkm\s¯ X{´w ]bäp¶Xv. {InkvXphn hntamNnXcmbhsc ho¬Spw ASna¯¯nte¡v aS¡ns¡m¬Sphcm³ hnhn[§fmb \qX\ amÀ¤§fpambmWv Ct¸mÄ s_\UnIvSv ]Xn\mdma³ ]m¸m {_koente¡v ]pds¸Sp¶Xv.

kÀsÆ^ew

Gähpw ]pXnsbmcp kÀtÆ {]Imcw {_koen FÃm BgvNbpw \m¸tXmfw ]pXnb s]âs¡mÌv k`IÄ cq]wsImÅp¶p. Bbncw cq] am{Xw apS¡nbm aXn k`m cPnkvt{Sj\v.

{_koense \qdpiXam\w s]âs¡mÌv ]mÌÀamcpw Xt±inbcmsW¦n It¯men¡m ]ptcmlnXÀ sXm®qdp iXam\t¯mfw hntZinIfmWv. ]pXpXmbn Bcpw skan\mcnbn tNcp¶nà F¶Xn\m ASp¯ GXm\pw hÀj§Ä¡pÅn {_koenb³ It¯men¡m sshZnIÀ Bcpw D¬SmInÃt{X!

({_koen {KmaoWtaJebn ØnXnsN¿p¶ Hcp s]âs¡mÌv NÀ¨v)

It¯men¡m sshZnIcpsS ]Xns\«v Cc«nbmWv ChnsSbpÅ s]âs¡mÌv ]mÌÀamcpsS F®w. aq¶pamks¯ s{Sbn\nwKv am{Xw sIm¬Sv Hcp hnizmkn¡v s]âs¡mÌv ]mÌdmbn amdm³ km[n¡pw. F¶m H¼Xp hÀjs¯ It¯men¡m skan\mcn ]T\¯n\v Bcpw XbmdmIp¶nÃ. It¯men¡m ]ptcmlnX³ {_lvaNcyw A\pjvTnt¡¬SXv A´y´mt]£nXamsW¦n hnhmlnXcmb kphntijthe sN¿m³ At\IÀ apt¶m«phcp¶p.

t]m¸nsâ kµÀi\w

tabv GgpapX A©p Znhkw {_ko kµÀin¡p¶ amÀ]m¸m emän\tacn¡bnse 160 Hmfw ko\nbÀ _nj¸pamcpambn {]tXyI kt½f\¯n ]s¦Sp¡pw. hnjbw þs]âs¡mÌnte¡pÅ It¯men¡cpsS Hgp¡v F§s\ XSbmw. ]¯phÀj¯n\p tijw BZyambmWv C{]Imcsamcp kt½f\w \S¡p¶Xv. IqSmsX It¯men¡sc aS¡ns¡m¬Sphcphm³ h¯n¡m³ ]²Xn Xbmdm¡nbncn¡p¶ {]NmcW ]cn]mSnIÄ F{]Imcw sNbvsXSp¡mw F¶Xpw kt½f\w NÀ¨sN¿pw.

{_koense {]apJ ]«Wamb kmthm t]mtfmbn amÀ]m¸m IpÀ_m\ AÀ¸n¡pw. CXn ]s¦Sp¡phm\mbn cmPy¯mIam\w h³ {]NmcW§fmWv \S¯p¶Xv. ]¯pe£w t]À ChnsS hcpsa¶v {]Xo£n¡p¶p. ]Xn\t©mfw "`oa³ Snhnkv{Io\pIÄ' (Hcp tÌPnsâ hen¸apÅXv) Cu tÌUnb¯n Hcp¡nbn«p¬Sv. Cu thZnbn h¨v {_koense ]Xns\«mw \qäm¬Snse {InkvXob k\ymkn s{^ Kemthmsb (Nn{Xw CSXv) amÀ]m¸m hnip²\mbn {]Jym]n¡pw. CXn\p tijw \mÂ]Xn\mbnct¯mfw bphP\§Ä¡mbn {]tXyI kt½f\w \S¡pw. {_koense {]apJ t]m¸v KmbI\mb ^mZÀ aÀkotem tdmknbpsS Km\§Ä Bbncn¡pw bphP\§sf BIÀjn¡phm\mbn AhXcn¸n¡pI.

Cu hnZyIsfms¡ Dt]mbKn¨v {_koens\ IqsS \nÀ¯m\mWv It¯men¡m k` Ct¸mÄ {ian¡p¶Xv. hÀjw tXmdpw Ccp]Xv e£t¯mfw kzhÀ¤t`mKnIfpsS kt½f\§Ä \S¡p¶ kmthm t]mtfm ]«W¯n\v CX{X henb BÄ¡q«ambncn¡nÃ. C{Xta \mSnf¡nbpÅ ]m¸mbpsS kµÀi\w kzhÀ¤t`mKnIfpsS kt½f\§Ä¡p hcp¶hcpsS ]IpXn BÄ¡q«s¯ am{Xta tÌUnb¯nte¡v BIÀjn¡p¶pÅq F¶XmWv BÝcyIcw. 2004 kmthm t]mtfm ]«W¯n \S¶ kzhÀ¤t`mKnIfpsS dmen¡pw kt½f\¯n\pw Ccp]¯n \mepe£w t]À ]s¦Sp¯p. CXv temINcn{X¯nse Gähpw henb kzhÀ¤kvt\lnIfpsS kt½f\ambncp¶p.

(Nn{Xw: 2004  {_koense kmthm t]mtfm ]«W¯n \S¶ Ncn{X¯nse Gähpw henb kzhÀ¤kvt\lnIfpsS dmen)

A´yIme¯v kIe PU¯nsâbpwta Xsâ Bßmhns\ ]IÀ¶v kzÀ¤¯nse ssZhw hmÀs¯Sp¡p¶ ssZhk`bpsS hfÀ¨sb XSbm³ Hcp iàn¡pw Ignbnà F¶Xv amäanÃm¯ ssZhhN\amWv. ssZhk`bpsS hfÀ¨sb sN¸nSnhnZyIÄsIm¬Sv XSbm³ Ignbnà F¶v a\Ênem¡phm³ sshIpt´mdpw a\pjy³ bmYmÀ°y§fnÂ\n¶v hfsc AIsebmbncn¡pw. Cu bmYmÀ°yw Xncn¨dnª s]m´n^n¡Â Iu¬kn t^mÀ s{]mtam«nwKv {InÌy³ bqWnänbpsS Xeh³ IÀ±n\mÄ hmÄ«À Imkv]À ]dbp¶p ""It¯men¡À s]âs¡mÌv k`Ifnte¡v Hgp¶p F¶ bmYmÀ°ys¯ R§Ä t\cntS¬Snbncn¡p¶p''. 

""{_ko C\n F{X\mÄIqSn It¯men¡m k`bn D¬SmIpw?'' þIÀ±n\mÄ ss¢tUm lpt½kv.

tbip{InkvXphns\ amÀIvknÌmbn Nn{XoIcn¨ kaql¯n amÀIvknÌpImsc bYmÀ° {InkvXp hnizmknIfm¡p¶ ssZhimkv{Xw Ct¸mÄ {_koen thtcmSp¶p. ]mXmftKm]pc§Ä eÖn¨v XeXmgv¯phm³ {_koen ssZh¯nsâ k` hfÀ¶v apt¶ds«.

(Ahkm\n¨p)

hmb\¡mcpsS {]XnIcW§Ä Adnbn¡phm³ ChnsS ¢n¡v sN¿pI

]nt©ma\Isf emfn¨v sImXnXocpw apt¼,  {]nbs¸«htfmsSm¯v Pohn¨v sImXnXocpw apt¼, lrZb¯n\p t\tc Nq¬Snb tXm¡pambn shfp¯\ndapÅ Hcp BÄcq]w h¶v Bt{Imin¨t¸mÄ, ]nd¶ \mSpw hoSpw hn«v, Poh³ am{Xw sImXn¨v Ahsâ ]pdsI Cd§n¯ncnt¡¬Snh¶ ]Xn\mbnc§Ä.... FhntSs¡¶nÃmsX Bcw`n¨ bm{X At\IÀ¡pw Bg¡Sen Ahkm\n¸nt¡¬Sn h¶p.... thsdmcpIq«w adpIcbnse¯nsb¦nepw I¸ense ]«nWnbpw ]oU\hpw sIm¬Sv A\ytZis¯ BdSna®n AenªptNÀ¶p... thsdmcpIq«w Icn¼n³tXm«§fnepw tXbnet¯m«§fnepw PohnXs¯ ]gn¨v th¬Ss¸«hcpsS thZ\n¡p¶ apJw HmÀ¯v IcªpXoÀ¯p.... AdhparK¯n\p hnet]ipt¼mse a\pjy¨´bn ]pXnb bPam\sâ hchn\mbn, I\nhn\mbn asämcp Iq«À Im¯ncp¶p... AhÀ¡v FÃmw klnt¡¬Snh¶p... F´psIm¬sSt¶m....? sXmenbpsS \ndw Idp¯Xmbn F¶ Hcp Htcsbmcp ImcWw sIm¬Sv....!!! ASna¡¨hSw F¶ ss]imNnIhym]mcw BZyambn B[p\nItemI¯n Bcw`n¨ {_n«³ AXv Ahkm\n¸n¨n«v 2007 amÀ¨v 25 \v 200 hÀjw XnIbp¶p. ASna¡¨hS¯nsâ Ncn{X¯neqsS Hcp bm{X. 

kqcy\kvXan¡m¯ {_n«ojv km{amPyw HutZymKnIambn Bcw`wIpdn¨ "a\pjy¡¨hSw' Ahkm\n¸n¨n«v C¶v Ccp\qdp hÀjw XnIbp¶p. 1807 amÀ¨v 25 \v {_n«ojv ]mÀesaâv \nbaw aptJ\, temI¯pÅ {_n«sâ tImf\nIfnse§pw ASna¡¨hSw ]mSnsö \nbaw ]mkm¡n. Cu \nba¯n\v C¶v (amÀ¨v 25) 200 hmÀjnIw XnIbp¶p.

{InkvXphÀjw 1400 apXemWv B[p\nI temI¯n ASna¡¨hSw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. bqtdm¸nepÅ [\hm·mcpsS sIm«mc§fn the¡mcmbmWv Cu Ime¯v B{^n¡bnÂ\n¶v a\pjysc ]nSn¨psIm¬Sph¶Xv. `£Ww am{Xw sImSp¯v, asäÃm am\pjnI ]cnKW\Ifpw \ntj[n¨v Idp¯ \ndambXn\m arK¯n\p Xpeys\¶v IpcpXnbmWv bqtdm]y·mÀ Cu Ime¯v B{^n¡³ P\XtbmSp s]cpamdnbXv. "Idp¯h\v BßmhnÃ' Fs¶mcp ]c¼cmKX hnizmkw bqtdm¸nse XntbmfPnb·mÀ {]Ncn¸n¨Xn\p NphSp]nSn¨mWv ASna¯s¯ kwLSnX aX§Ä (k`IÄ) \ymboIcn¨Xv.

kÀ tPm¬ tlm¡n³k¬ F¶ {_n«ojpImc\mWv B[p\nI ASna¡¨hS¯n\v Ncn{X¯n Adnbs¸Sp¶ Øm]I³. Cu ]pXnb I¨hS¯n\v kÀ tlm¡n³kWns\ XpWbv¡m³ A¶s¯ {_n«ojv cmÚn Fenk_¯v þ1 Dw e¬S³ tabdpw D¬Smbncp¶p. 1564\pw 1569\pw CSbnepÅ \mep hÀjw sIm¬Sv 1200 a\pjysc B{^n¡bnÂ\n¶pw ]nSn¨v tPm¬ tlm¡n³k¬ emän³ Atacn¡³ ASna¡t¼mf§fn hnäncp¶p. ]n¶oSv Cu sXmgn sN¿m³ At\Iw I¨hS¡mÀ apt¶m«ph¶p. Cw¥¬Sv þB{^n¡ þAtacn¡ F¶ {XntImWamÀ¤¯neqsS (Nn{Xw) Aävemân¡neqsS ]mª I¸epIfn aq¶n H¶v ASna¡¸epIfmbncp¶p F¶Xv C¶pÅ GsXmcp a\pjys\bpw sR«n¡p¶ kXyamWv. ASnaIsf ]nSn¨v \ÂIp¶ B{^n¡³ Øm]\§Ä¡v A¶v Hcp ASnabv¡v A³]Xv ]u¬Sv hne \ÂIpam-bn-cp¶p. Atacn¡bn F¯nbm hne AXnsâ hne aq¶pw \mepw Cc«n hÀ²n¡pw. tImSnIÄ em`ap¬Sm¡mhp¶ Hcp I¨hSambmWv {_n«³ BZyIme§fn ASna¡¨hSs¯ I¬SXv.

Fenk_¯v H¶n\p tijw cmPmhmb NmÄkv c¬Sma³ ASna¡¨hS¯n\mbn Hcp I¼\nXs¶ cq]oIcn¨p. {_n«ojv cmPIpSpw_mwK§Ä, Ipeo\ IpSpw_§fnse hyànIÄ, henb hym]mcnIÄ F¶nhcmbncp¶p Cu I¼\nbn AwK§Ä. BZys¯ A©p hÀj¯n\pÅn I¼\nbpsS em`w Hcp e£w ]u¬Smbn (C¶s¯ aqeyw A¼Xpe£w ]u¬Sv þGItZiw A¿mbncw tImSn cq]). ]n¶oSv GXm\pw {_n«ojv I¨hS¡mÀ tNÀ¶v "tdmb B{^n¡³ I¼\n' Fs¶mcp I¼\n cq]oIcn¨v I¨hSw Bcw`n¨p. Bdp hÀjw sIm¬Sv A¿mbncw a\pjysc ChÀ B{^n¡bnÂ\n¶v ]nSnIqSn Atacn¡bn hnäp.

aäp]e cmPy§fpw ASna¡¨hS¯n\v {ians¨¦nepw 1700 Bbt¸mtg¡pw ASna¡¨hS¯n {_n«³ Ip¯Ibmbn¡gnªncp¶p. A[nImchpw ]Whpw ssk\yhpw FÃmambtXmsS {_n«ojv km{amPyw \nÀ®mbI iànbmbn amdn. C¡me¯v Cw¥¬Sv Xocw hnSp¶ \mep I¸epIfn H¶v ASna¡¸embncp¶p F¶v Ncn{Xw tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. enhÀ]qÄ, {_ntÌmÄ F¶o ]«W§Ä ASna¡¨hS¯nsâ bqtdm¸nse {][m\ tI{µ§fmbnamdn.

ssZhZmk·mÀ ASna¡¨hS¯ns\Xntc cwK¯phcp¶p

tPmÀPv t^mIvk

ASna¡¨hSw Cw¥¬Sn Xg¨phfÀ¶ kab¯pXs¶ ssZhw GXm\pw ssZhZmk·msc CXns\Xntc Cw¥¬Sn sa\sªSp¯p. AXn {]apJ\mb Hcmfmbncp¶p tPmÀPv t^mIvkv (Nn{Xw). Cw¥¬Sn seÌdnepÅ Hcp jq \nÀamXmhmbncp¶p tPmÀPv t^mIvkv. {]tXyI Bcm[\meb§tfm ]ptcmlnX·mtcm ssZhmcm[\bv¡v Bhiyansöv ss__nfnÂ\n¶v a\Ênem¡nb At±lw jq \nÀamW tPmen Dt]£n¨v Cw¥¬Sn FÃmbnS§fnepw kphntij {]`mjWw Bcw`n¨p. Ct±lw Xsâ Bib{]NmcW¯n\mbn Bcw`n¨ kwLS\bmWv "{^¬Svkv Hm^v {Sq¯v'. ]n¶oSv Cu kwLS\ "skmsskän Hm^v {Sq¯v' F¶v Adnbs¸«p. 

Cu kwL\Sbn Bt\Imbnc§Ä BIrjvScmbn. 1656 Bw¥n¡³ k`bpsS IpÀ_m\ ImWp¶Xnt\m Zimwiw \ÂIp¶Xnt\m XbmdmImXncp¶ skmsskän Hm^v {Sq¯nse 13,562 AwK§sf NmÄkv c¬Sma³ cmPmhnsâ I¸\bm ]nSnIqSn. CXn 198 t]sc ASnaIfm¡n hn¡pIbpw 338 t]À ]oU\¯n acn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu kw`h¯n\p tijw Cu kwLS\ tIzt¡gvkv (Quakers) F¶v ]n¶oSv {]kn²amb t]cn Adnbs¸Sphm³ XpS§n. F¶m cmPmhnsâ ]oU\§Ä Cu kwLS\sb XfÀ¯nbnÃ. 1660 Bbt¸mtg¡pw Ccp]Xn\mbncw AwK§Ä Cu kwLS\bv¡v D¬Smbncp¶p. Cw¥¬Sv, shbnÂkv, kvtIm«vem³Uv, Atacn¡³ tImf\nIÄ F¶nhnS§fnte¡v tIzt¡gvkv anj\dnamsc Ab¨p.

tIzt¡gvkv BWv ASna¡¨hSw Ahkm\n¸n¡Wsa¶v {_n«\n BZyambn i_vZn¨Xv. ASna¡¨hSw ssZhhNm\m[njvTnXamsö ASnbpd¨ t_m[yambncp¶p tIzt¡gvkns\ CXn\p t{]cn¸n¨Xv. ASna¡¨hSw AXnsâ aqÀ²\y¯nse¯n\n¡p¶ ]Xnt\gmw \qäm¬Snsâ a[y¯n tIzt¡gvkv {]Øm\w Gsd iàambncp¶p. ASna¡¨hSw \ntcm[n¡Wsa¶v Bhiys¸«v 1783 tIzt¡gvkv ]mÀesaân At]£ \ÂIn. F¶m CXv XÅnt¸mbn.

tPm¬ shkven

tIzt¡gvkv {]Øm\w iàns¸Sp¶ Ime¯mWv {]apJ\mb tPm¬ shkven cwK{]thiw sN¿p¶Xv. tPm¬ shkvenbpw (Nn{Xw heXv) At±l¯nsâ ktlmZc³ NmÄkpw tNÀ¶v cq]wsImSp¯ saXUnÌv {]Øm\hpw Cw¥¬Snse ASnahym]mc¯ns\Xntc i_vZn¨p.

tIzt¡gvkv, saXUnÌv {]Øm\§fpsS kzm[o\¯n a\pjyhym]mc¯ns\Xntc Hcp Nn´ Cw¥¬Sn hym]n¡phm³ CSbmbn. Cu c¬Sv {]Øm\§fpsSbpw iàamb kzm[o\¯nÂ, A\pIqeamb kab¯v {]hÀ¯n¨ Hcp hyànbmbncp¶p hneyw hnÂ_Àt^mgvkv (Nn{Xw Xmsg). 1759 Cw¥¬Sn lÄ F¶ Øe¯v P\n¨ At±lw Ccp]¯n H¶mas¯ hbkn {_n«ojv ]mÀesaâv AwKambn. 1785 At±lw Bw¥n¡³ k`bnÂ\n¶pw Chm©en¡Â {InÌy\mbn ]cnhÀ¯\hnt[b\mbn. cmjv{Sobs¯ iàamb {InkvXob [mÀanIXbpsS Xe¯nÂ\n¶psIm¬Sv ImWpIbpw {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw sNbvX hyànbmbncp¶p hneyw hnÂ_Àt^mgvkv. Ct±lw {_n«ojv ]mÀesaân BZyambn 1789 ASna¡¨hS¯ns\Xntc {]kwKn¨p. 1791 At±lw BZyambn ASna¡¨hS¯ns\Xntc Hcp _n ]mÀesaân AhXcn¸n¨p F¦nepw ]cmPbs¸«p.

Xsâ {InkvXob [mÀanIX ]mÀesaân DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡phm³ Gsd ]cn{iaw sNbvX hnÂ_Àt^mgvkv HSphn hnPbn¨p. s]mXpk`bn hnÂ_Àt^mgvkpw {]`pk`bn At±l¯nsâ kplr¯v NmÄkv t^mIvkpw ASnahym]mc¯ns\Xntc iànbpàw hmZn¨p. A§s\ 1807 amÀ¨v 25 \v {_n«\n ASnahym]mcw \ntcm[n¨psIm¬Sv \nbaw {]m_ey¯n h¶p.

1400 apX Bcw`n¨ Gähpw \oNamb Cu I¨hS¯nsâ A´yw Ipdn¨ Zn\amWv 1807 amÀ¨v 25. \m\qdp hÀjw sIm¬Sv {_n«³ B{^n¡bnÂ\n¶pw ap¸¯n\mep e£t¯mfw a\pjysc ASnaIfm¡n ]nSn¨v hnäp! CXn c¬Spe£w a\pjysc¦nepw bm{Xbv¡nSbn acn¨v Aävemân¡nsâ Bg§fn ]Xn¨p.

(Nn{Xw: Hcp ASna¨´)

ASnahym]mcw \nbawaqew \ntcm[n¨psh¦nepw A\[nIrXambn ]ecpw I¨hSw XpSÀ¶p. A\[nIrXambn I¨hSw \S¯p¶hsc ]nSn¨v ]ngbSn¡m³ tdmb t\hn Aävemân¡n ImhteÀs¸Sp¯n. A\[nIrXambn I¨hS¯nteÀs¸«ncn¡p¶ GsX¦nepw ASna¡¸Â ]nSn¡s¸«mÂ, AXn\pÅnepÅ ASnaIsf ISen FdnªpIfbm\mbncp¶phs{X I¸n¯m·mÀ \nÀt±in¨ncp¶Xv. C{]Imcw Aävemân¡n Fdnbs¸«hÀ At\Imbnc§Ä D¬SmIpsa¶v Ncn{XImc·mÀ ]dbp¶p. 1833 Pqsse 29 \v hneyw hnÂ_Àt^mgvkv acn¨p, ASp¯amkw 29\v "tÉhdn At_mfnj³ BIvSv' {_n«ojv ]mÀesaâv ]mkm¡n {_«ojv km{amPy¯nse FÃm ASnaIsfbpw kzX{´cm¡n. DSaIÄ¡v, Hcp ASnabv¡v \qdp ]u¬Sv hoXw \jvS]cnlmchpw \ÂIm³ Cu \nbaw A\pimkn¨p. AXp{]Imcw FIvkoädnse _nj¸n\pXs¶ ]Xn\mdmbncw ]u¬Sv e`n¨p.

(Nn{Xw Atacn¡bn 1800Ifn {]Xy£s¸« Hcp ]ckyw.)

temIw ad¡m\m{Kln¡p¶ Cu I¨hS¯n hn¡s¸« a\pjyÀ F{X? BÀ¡pw AdnbnÃ. 

ISÂs¨mcp¡pw ]«nWpbpambn aÃSn¨v £oWn¨p XfÀ¶v tNX\bä  a\pjyPohnX§sf{X? BÀ¡pw AdnbnÃ. 

{]nbs¸«hsctbmÀ¯v PohnXm´ywhsc IcªpIe§nb I®pIfpambn Aävemân¡n\p CcpIcIfnepambn PohnXw XoÀ¯hscs{X? BÀ¡pw AdnbnÃ.

_mlycq]w I¬Sv a\pjy\v hne \nÝbn¨ a\pjym, \n\¡v ssZhw am¸pXcs«! 

ASnabpsS thZ\ lrZb¯n Gäphm§n AhÀ¡mbn i_vZn¨v, ImWs¸Sp¶ ktlmZc\n ImWs¸Sm¯ ssZhs¯ ZÀin¨ almßm¡sf, Cu temIw \n§sf ad¶mepw Idp¯hs\bpw shfp¯hs\bpw krjvSn¨ ssZhw \n§sf ad¡nÃ.

 (Ahkm\n¨p)

hmb\¡mcpsS {]XnIcW§Ä Adnbn¡phm³ ChnsS ¢n¡v sN¿pI

BßobcwKs¯ Häaqen I¨hS¡mcpw

t_mÀUv Fgp¯pImcpsS `£Wimebpw

Ip¼\mSv I¬h³j\n hN\ip{iqj \S¯nb ssZhZmk·mÀ X§fpsS hN\ip{iqjmat²y hnjbm\p_Ôambn D]tbmKn¨ Nne DZmlcW§Ä Nncnbv¡pw Nn´bv¡pambn ChnsS {]kn²oIcn¡p¶p.

(Xbm-dm-¡n-bXv: km_p kmap-th (_yqtdm No^v, ZnPn-Fw-\yq-kv, C´y)

GXv acp¶pw hgnbn hnäm hm§m³ BfpImWpw. sNmdn apX IpjvTtcmKw hscbpÅ tcmK§Ä¡pÅ HäaqenbmWv ChÀ hnev¡p¶Xv. A§s\sb¦n kvs]jyenÌv tUmIvSÀamcpsS BhiyanÃtÃm. F¦nepw AXp hm§m\pw Bfp¬Sv. BßoI cwK¯pw C§s\bmWv. GXv Nc¡pw kzoIcn¡m³ Bfp¬Sv.

-þ]mÌÀ _m_p sNdnbm³

]Ån{]amWn¡v Iq\nbmb kv{XobpsS kuJys¯¡mÄ henbXv iº¯v \nba§fmbncp¶p. tbip Xncn¨v tNmZn¡p¶Xv \n§Ä iº¯n ImfIsftbm IgpXtbtbm sXmgp¯n \n¶pw Agn¨p sI«p¶ntÃsb¶mWv. At\IÀ¡pw C¶v P\§fpsS hnSpXens\¡mÄ henbXv AhcpsS arK§fmWv. NnecpsS ho«n ]«nsb hfÀ¯p¶ ]Wap¬sS¦n hSt¡ C´ybn c¬Sp kphntijIsc kt¸mÀ«v sN¿mw

þ]mÌÀ ^nen¸v ]n tXmakv

Hcn¡Â Hcp a\pjy³ hni¶v Hcp tlm«Â At\zjn¨v \S¡pIbmbncp¶p. Ipd¨v Zqcw \S¶t¸mÄ Hcp t_mÀUv I¬Sp. s]mtdm«, N¸m¯n, s]mcn¨ tImgn F¶nhsbÃmw henb A£c¯n Xs¶ {]ZÀin¸n¨ncn¡p¶p. kt´mjt¯msS AbmÄ AI¯v Ibdn CjvS`£W¯n\v HmÀUÀ sImSp¯p. ISbn Ccp¶ BÄ Aev]w NncntbmsS ]dªp. kÀ, CXv tlm«eÃ, R§Ä t_mÀUv Fgp¯pImcmWv. `£Ww In«Wsa¦n Aev]w AIsebpÅ Ihebn sNÃWw. C¶v ]e s]´t¡mkvXv k`IÄ¡pw t_mÀUv am{XtabpÅq. s]´t¡mkvXnsâ iàn ImWWsa¦n thsd hÃbnS¯pw t]mIWw.

-þ]mÌÀ sI tPmbv

Hcn¡Â Hcp a\pjy³ Xocpam\n¨p, Gähpw _ehm\mb BfpsS IqsS thWw \S¡m³. A§s\ B \m«nepÅ ^bÂhmsâ ASp¯v IqSn. Ipd¨p \mÄ Ignªt¸mÄ ^bÂhm³ \n¶v hndbv¡p¶p. ImcWw A¸pd¯v Hcp ]nimNv \nev¡p¶p. ^bÂhm\v ]nimNns\ t]SnbmsW¦n C\n apX ]nimNnsâ IqsS IqSmsa¶v AbmÄ Xocpam\n¨p. ]nimNv k½Xn¨p. Ipd¨v \mÄ Ignªt¸mÄ B a\pjy³ t\m¡pt¼mÄ ]nimNv \n¶v hndbv¡p¶p. ]nimNv hndbv¡p¶Xv {]mÀ°n¡p¶ Hcp a\pjys\ I¬Sn«mbncp¶p. A§s\ B a\pjy³ ]nimNns\ Dt]£n¨v {]mÀ°n¡p¶hsâ IqsS IqSn. {]mÀ°n¡p¶h³ t]Sn¡p¶Xv B a\pjy³ I¬StXbnÃ.

þ]mÌÀ sI.Fw.tPmk^v

]¬Sv injy·mÀ {]mÀ°n¨t¸mÄ Ccp¶ Øew Ipep§n. C¶v {]mÀ°n¡p¶hÀ Ccn¡p¶ Øew Ipep§p¶nsöXv t]mIs«, {]mÀ°n¡p¶hsc ]nSn¨v Ipept¡¬S AhØbmWv.

þ]mÌÀ hn.]n.tPmkv

\½psS {]mÀ°\bn I¶«bpsS c¬Sv a¡Ä Ibdnbn«p¬Sv. thZ]pkvXIw ]dbp¶p I¶«bv¡v c­v a¡fp¬Sv. XcnI, XcnI F¶mWv AhbpsS t]cv.

þ]mÌÀ k®n Ipcy³

tbiphnsâ Ime¯v AI¯v 99 BSpIfpw ]pd¯v HcmSpambncp¶p. F¶m C´ybnse C¶s¯ AhØb\pkcn¨v 99 BSpIÄ ]pd¯pw HcmSv AI¯pamWv. \½Ä 99 BSpIÄ¡pÅ `£Ww AI¯pÅ HcmSn\v sImSp¡pw. F¶n«v AXv sImfkvt{SmÄ ]nSn¨v N¯pw t]mIpw.

þ{_-ZÀ kmPp amXyp

Hcn¡Â Ip¼kcn¡m³ t]mb sNdp¸¡mct\mSv A¨³ tNmZn¨p. F{X Iev]\bp¬Sv. sNdp¸¡mc³ ]dªp. A©v. A¨³ ]dªp, sXäv. sNdp¸¡mc³ ASp¯v 7 ]dªp. A¨³ k½Xn¨nÃ. HSphn sNdp¸¡mc³ kwJy 9, 12, 15 Fs¶ms¡bm¡n DbÀ¯n. t]mbn F{X Iev]\bp¬sS¶v ]Tn¨v hcm³ ]dªv A¨³ Abmsf ]dªv hn«p. AbmÄ t]mIp¶ hgn asämcmÄ Ip¼kmc¯n\mbn hcp¶p. BZys¯ sNdp¸¡mc³ c¬Sma¯bmtfmSv F{X Iev]\bp¬sS¶v tNmZn¨p. c¬Smas¯bmÄ ]dªp, 10. BZys¯bmfpsS adp]Sn C§s\bmbncp¶p. 15 hsc Rm³ ]dªp t\m¡n, F¶n«pw A¨³ k½Xn¨nÃ. ]n¶tÃ, ]¯pw sIm¬Sv sNÃp¶Xv.

þ]mÌÀ Fw.Fkv kmapthÂ

ho¬Spsamcp P\phcn¸IpXn IqSnsb¯p¶p. Ip¼\mSpWcpIbmbn. `ànkm{µamb cmhpIÄ¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¡pIbmbn. Ip¼\mSnsâ s]´t¡mkvXv lrZbw Xt¼dpsIm«n¸mSphm³ XnSp¡s¸SpIbmbn... KrlmXpc kvacWIfpsS sI«pIfgn¨v, `ànkm{µamb cmhpIfneqsSbpw {]kwK§Ä Xnfbv¡p¶ ]IepIfneqsSbpw kPohamIp¶ Ip¼\mSv slt{_m¬]pcw. IqSnt¨censâbpw ]¦pshbv¡ensâbpw BlvfmZ§Ä... C\n Hcmgv¨ s]´t¡mkvXnsâ a\kv Ip¼\m«mWv....

\nXyXbpsS ZÀi\apÅ ssZha¡Ä H¯ptNcp¶ Ip¼\mSv I¬h³j³ hntij§Ä C\napX Cu ^o¨À t]Pn hmbn¡pI.

Ip¼\mSnsâ lrZb¯neqsS...

tPm¬k¬ amXyp am§m\w

]¯\w¯n« PnÃbnse tImbn{]w ]©mb¯n Bdmw hmÀUn Ip¼\mSv slt{_m³ ]pc¯pÅ c¬tS¡À `qan -`mcX¯nse apgph³ s]´t¡mkvXcpsSbpw kwKa`qanbmWv. Ip¼\mSv {KmalrZb¯nepÅ Cu ]pcbnS¯n hÀj¯nsemcn¡Â tIcf¯nse s]´t¡mkvXpImÀ H¯pIqSp¶p. 

 KrlmXpc kvacWIfpsS sI«pIfgn¨v `ànkm{µamb cmhpIfneqsSbpw {]kwK§Ä Xnfbv¡p¶ ]IepIfneqsSbpw ssZhoI kvacWIÄ Dcp¡gn¡p¶p. Hcmgv¨ \o¬Sp \nev¡p¶ Cu hmÀjnI s]´t¡mkvXv kwKaw H¯ptNcensâbpw IqSnt¨censâbpw BËmZamWv.

BZyIme s]âs¡mÌv ]nXm¡·mcmb ]mÌÀ sI.kn. sNdnbm³, ]mÌÀ ]n.Fw. kmapthÂ, ]mÌÀ sI.C. G{_lmw, ]mÌÀ sI.kn. D½³ F¶nhÀ

AZv`pX IYIfpsS Ncn{Xtam Ncn{X]pcpj·mcpsS P·Øesa¶ {]kn²ntbm H¶panà Cu \mSn\v. F¶n«pw Ip¼\mSnsâ {]ikvXn IS IS¡p¶p. Ip¼\msS¶v tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ a\knte¡v BZyw HmSnhcp¶ Nn{Xw Ip¼\mSv I¬h³jtâXp Xs¶. Ip¼\mSpw ChnSp¯ I¬h³j\pambn A{Xb[nIw _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p.

Ip¼\mSv {]tZiw Hcn¡Â h\ambncp¶psh¶v ]ga¡mÀ. A¡me§fn ChnsS [mcmfw B\Ifpw D¬Smbncp¶pht{X. A§s\ "B\IfpsS \mSv' F¶À°apÅ "Ip¼n\mSv' F¶mbn Øe¯n\v t]cv. Ime¸g¡¯n Ip¼n\mSv "Ip¼\mSm'bn XoÀ¶p. Ip¼\mSv F¶Xv Hcp IpSpw_t¸cmsW¶pw Ip¼\mSp IpSpw_¡mÀ ChnsS h¶p ]mÀ¯Xn\memWv Cu Øe¯n\v Ip¼\msS¶ t]cv e`n¨sX¶ adphmZhpap¬Sv.

kapZmb h\§sf \¡n¯pS¨p sIm¬Sv s]´t¡mkvXnsâ Aán Bfn¡¯m³ XpS§nbXv Ip¼\m«p \n¶mWv. `mcX s]´t¡mkvXv k` ]n¨h¨v hfÀ¶Xv Cu a®nemWv. ]gb Imew apX¡v Xs¶ ChnSp¯ BfpIÄ hnZym`ymk]cambn D¶X\nehmcw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶Xp sIm¬Spw amcma¬ I¬h³jsâ kmao]yw sIm¬Spw P\§fn B²ymßoIambn Hcp \hoIcW t_m[w DSseSp¯ncp¶Xn\mepamWv s]s´t¡mkvXv D]tZi§Ä ChnsS thKw thcv ]nSn¨Xv.

Ignª \qäm¬Sv apXÂt¡ Ip¼\m«n DWÀÆv tbmK§Ä \S¶n«p¬Sv. Ncn{X¯nsâ CShgnbneqsS ]nt¶m«v bm{X sNbvXm Ip¼\ms«¯nb ]e \hoIcW¡mscbpw \ap¡v I¬sS¯mw. Xangv\m«n \n¶papÅ thZm²ym]I\mb tPm¬ Acpf¸³ 1870 Ifn a²yXncphnXmwIqdnse DWÀÆpIÄ¡v t\XrXzw \ÂInbhcn {][m\nbmWv.

s]s´t¡mkvXv {]hÀ¯\§fpambn BZyw Ip¼\ms«¯nbXv Ip¡v kmbn¸mWv. C´ybnse¯n Iptd \mfs¯ {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v tijw Ip¼\ms« ]nt¶m¡hn`mK¡mcpsS Hcp t\Xmhmbncp¶ tNmXn F¶bmsf 1923  Ip¡pkmbn¸v ]cnNbs¸«p. shÅn¡cbnepÅ tNmXnbpsS £Wa\pkcn¨mWv Ip¡v kmbn¸v Ip¼\ms«¯p¶Xv. sImSp´d D½¨³ F¶ BZyIme s]s´t¡mkvXv {]hÀ¯I³ A¡me§fn Ip¡v kmbn¸nt\msSm¸w Ip¼\m«v {]hÀ¯n¨p. 1930  AXphsc apf¡pgbn Xmakn¡pIbmbncp¶ ]mÌÀ sI.C. F{_lmapw IpSpw_hpw Ip¼\ms«¯n AXn\Sp¯pÅ Ifnbw¹m¡Â ho«n Xmakambn. AtXmsS Ip¼\mSv kzX{´ s]s´t¡mkvXv {]hÀ¯IcpsS Hcp tI{µambn. ]mÌÀ sI.C. F{_lmans\bpw Ip¡v kmbn¸ns\bpw IqSmsX sImSp´d D½¨³, ]n.Sn. Nmt¡m, sI.C. ^nen¸v F¶nhscms¡ Ip¼\ms« BZyIme {]hÀ¯IcmWv.

1929  Ip¼\mSn\Sp¯ ]qh¯qcn \S¶ kp{]kn²amb DWÀÆmWv Ip¼\mSnsâ s]s´t¡mkvXv a\kns\ cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xv. F.BÀ.Sn. AXnibw F¶ ssZhZmk\mbncp¶p Cu DWÀÆnsâ \mbI³. sI.hn.sska¬ kmdpambn "c£bpsS `{ZX' F¶ hnjbs¯¡pdn¨v hntbmPn¸p¬Smbn, ]qh¯qcn kzX{´ambn IqSns¡m¬Sncp¶ Hcp Iq«w kzX{´ hntbmPnX·mÀ A¡me¯p¬Smbncp¶p. ]mÌÀ ]n.Fw. ^nen¸nsâ ]nXmhmb s]mSnae a¯mbn¨³, the¼d¼n tXmam¨³ F¶nhcmbncp¶p Ahcn {]apJÀ. Xangv\m«n h¨v Bßkv\m\w {]m]n¨ AXnibw ]qh¯qsc¯n \S¯nb DWÀÆv tbmK§Ä Ip¼\m«pw ]cnkc{]tZi§fnepw Aáns¡mSp¦mämbn ]SÀ¶p. HmXd, IÃntÈcn, sN§¶qÀ F¶nhnS§fnsems¡ DWÀÆnsâ NqSpw shfn¨hpw IS¶sN¶p. Ip¼\mSv {]tZi¯v \n¶pw P\§Ä kapZmb§Ä hn«v s]s´t¡mkvXv kXy§fnte¡v Iq«ambn B\bn¡s¸«p.

Ip¡v kmbn¸mWv Ip¼\m«v s]´t¡mkvXv {]hÀ¯\w Bcw`n¨sX¦nepw ]mÌÀ sI.C F{_lmamWv AXns\ hfÀ¯n hepXm¡nbXv. FÃm AÀ°¯nepw Ip¼\mSnsâ ]p{X\mbncp¶p ]mkväÀ sI.C. F{_lmw.  ]p¯³Imhv sXt¡¸d¼n 1899 amÀ¨v 1 \v P\n¨ sI.C. F{_lmw bphmhmbncn¡pt¼mÄ Xs¶ kmapZmbnI _Ôw hn«v BZyw hntbmPnX hnizmk¯nte¡pw ]n¶oSv s]s´t¡mkvXv hnizmk¯nte¡pw B\bn¡s¸«p. Ip¼\mSnsâ sXcpt¡mWpIfn knwlKÀÖ\w t]mse apg§nbncp¶ At±l¯nsâ i_vZw kmapZmbnIh\§sf Cf¡nadn¨p. Ip¡v kmbn¸nt\msSm¸hpw 1930  At±ls¯ ]ncnªv kzX{´ambpw ]mÌÀ sI.C F{_lmw Ip¼\mSv tbmK§Ä \S¯nbn«p¬Sv.

Ip¼\mSv BZyambn \S¶ sF.]n.kn. P\d I¬h³j³ 1931  Bbncp¶p. AXn\v ap¼v dm¶nbnepw aäp]ebnS¯pambn \S¶ncp¶p F¶Xv Ncn{Xw. I¬h³j\pIÄ tIcf¯n FÃmbnS¯pap¬Sv. ]s£ Ip¼\mSpÅXv t]msemcp I¬h³j³ tIcf¯nsehnsSbpanÃ. amcma¬ Ignªm Gjybnse Gähpw henb I¬h³j\mWv Ip¼\mSv I¬h³j³. Ip¼\mSnsâ {]ikvXn cmPymXnÀ¯n IS¡p¶Xpw Cu t]cn Xs¶. hÀjw tXmdpw P\phcn¸IpXnbmIpt¼mÄ \S¯p¶ sF.]n.kn bpsS P\d I¬h³j³ tIcf¯nsebpw Hcp]s£ C´ybnsebpw s]´t¡mkvXcpsSbpw hmÀjnI kwKaamWv. \mSnsâ \m\m`mK¯v \n¶psamgpInsb¯p¶ hnizmke£§Ä Ip¼\mSns\ Hcmgv¨ `ànkm{µamIp¶p. hÀjwtXmdpw hnizmknIfpsS F®w hÀ²n¡p¶XÃmsX Ipdªn«nÃ.

ho¬Spsamcp P\phcn¸IpXn IqSnsb¯p¶p. Ip¼\mSpWcpIbmbn. `ànkm{µamb cmhpIÄ¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¡pIbmbn. Ip¼\mSnsâ s]´t¡mkvXv lrZbw Xt¼dpsIm«n¸mSphm³ XnSp¡s¸SpIbmbn... IqSnt¨censâbpw ]¦phbv¡ensâbpw BËmZ§Ä... C\n Hcmgv¨ s]´t¡mkvXnsâ a\kv Ip¼\m«mWv....

13/01/07